Beckwith Center for Learning

Online and Classroom Training

The Beckwith Electric Center for Learning offers a variety of online and classroom seminars covering diverse and complex subjects relating to the electric power field. Topics range from industry theory to product specific applications and operation, plus hands-on training. Seminar instructors are professionals from Beckwith Electric and recognized experts within the electric power industry.

For more information please contact: beckwithelectricsupport@hubbell.com

Center for Learning Online

The Center for Learning offers a variety of online technical training courses from experienced experts. Our various online learning solutions will help you or your team train anytime and anywhere, so you can learn at your own pace and on your own schedule.

Online Courses

Course Catalog

The Beckwith Electric Center for Learning offers the following topics to help you find the educational programs of most interest and value for you.

The Center for Learning offers instructor-led classroom courses, either at scheduled locations, at your site, or at the Beckwith Electric Headquarters in Largo, Florida.
All seminars can be customized to focus on your specific training needs and objectives.
Classroom courses may require a minimum of students. Contact us for details.

Product & Software Training

M-3311A Transformer Protection Relay

M-3425A Comprehensive Generator Relay

M‑4272 Digital Motor Bus Transfer System

Industry Theory Courses

Distribution Feeder Protection & Control (IEEE C37.230)

Generator Protection (IEEE C37.102)

5 Hours
(5 PDHs)

Generators are subject to internal faults, external faults and abnormal operating conditions impressed by turbine and excitation system issues, as well as power system events the generator has no control over but must cope with. False (nuisance) trips are costly as the generator’s output is lost. Inability to trip due to lack of sensitivity, lack of certain protections or deficiencies in protection application may cause severe damage to generators, resulting in prolonged outage and revenue loss, plus increased system stability risk. Achieving the ideal balance of secure and dependable protection involves use of an array of elements that protect the generator for all operating modes: off-line, start up, synchronizing, various levels of power output and when challenged by system faults and anomalies.

Generator construction and operation
Grounding and connections
IEEE standards for generator protection
- C37. 102, Guide for Synchronous generator Protection

Generator and power system interaction
Generator protection element overview
- Internal faults (in the generator zone)
- Abnormal operating conditions
- External faults

Protection Application Exploration
- Stator Ground Fault (27TN, 59N, 59D, 64S, 67N, 87GD)
- Rotor Ground Fault/Brush Lift Off (64F, 64B)
- Stator Phase Fault (87G)
- Turn-to-Turn Fault
- Phase Unbalance/Open Conductor (46)
- Overexcitation (24)
- Abnormal Voltage (59)
- Phase Fault Backup (21)
- Field Loss (40)
- Loss of Synchronism (78)
- Abnormal Frequency (81-U, 81A)
- Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)
- Blown VT Fuses (60FL)
- Breaker Failure/Pole Flashover (50BF)
- Loss of Prime Mover (32)

Tripping considerations and sequential tripping
Discuss tactics to improve reliability (security & dependability)
Generator protection upgrade considerations
- Lessons learned from NE Blackout (2003)
- Redundancy concepts

Who Should Attend

This course will benefit power plant protection engineers and technicians, as well as power plant operators and protection generalists who desire a deeper background on the subject.

Generator Protection Calculations & Settings

Motor Bus Transfer

3 Hour
(3 PDHs)

Motor Bus Transfer is the process of rapidly transferring sources to a motor bus for planned source switching and unplanned source failure. The rapid transfer allows the process to continue without interruption. To avoid damage to the motors, specialized equipment and methods are employed to cope with the dynamics of motor deceleration, and voltage and phase angle change between the new source and the motor bus. Improper reconnection of the motor bus can cause cumulative or immediate damage to the motors, and result in a process crash.

Residual Voltage Transfers always thought to be safe even if completed out-of-phase, can cause significant torques on motors, exceeding a 3-phase fault at the motor terminals.
IEEE C37.96 identifies events that occur or conditions that exist prior to and during transfer where, at transfer initiate, the initial phase angle may be nowhere near zero!
So at the end of a Residual Voltage Transfer spin down, the close phase angle may be nowhere near zero!
Research with modeling motors during transfer has proven that in 40% of the cases closing at varied angles, the peak-to-peak torques developed during the Residual Voltage Transfer are higher than the 3-Phase Short Circuit Torques of the motors on the bus.
This research has revealed that the peak currents in motors during Residual Voltage Transfers are higher than the 3-Phase Short Circuit Currents in more than 60% of these cases.
This motor modeling research also shows that in 89% of the cases closing at varied angles, the currents during Residual Voltage Transfer are in excess of six times rated current.
Synchronous In-Phase Transfers may take longer than some arbitrary time limit. Depending on the initial phase angle at transfer initiate, it may take more than 6 or 10 cycles for the motors to rotate back into synchronism.
Compared to blind Residual Voltage Transfers, these Synchronous In-Phase Transfers are much faster, closing at much higher voltages, at much lower slip frequencies, with closure near zero degrees and low inrush current and torque.
The 1.33 resultant pu V/Hz transfer criterion in NEMA MG-1, ANSI/NEMA C50.41 and IEEE C37.96 has no correlation to motor torque and actually gives passing grades to severely excessive torques upon transfer.
Time period transfer criteria, stated in NEMA MG-1, IEEE 666, ANSI/NEMA C50.41 and IEEE C37.96, are arbitrary and would permit severely out-of-phase transfers or conversely may preclude perfectly good synchronous transfers.
A Motor Torque Ratio TPK /TL, introduced as the aggregate peak torque at transfer expressed as a multiple of the aggregate load torque prior to transfer, displays a high correlation to the phase angle at transfer with little effect from voltage or frequency difference.
If it is torque that reduces the life expectancy and damages motors or driven equipment, or both, as suggested in the C50.41 Standard, then the industry must use a torque-based criterion to assess if transfers are being completed within acceptable torque limits.

Course Outline:

Introduction
Why Transfer Motor Load Sources
Basic Application Configurations
- Primary-Backup
- Main-Tie-Main
- Multiple-Option Source Selection

IEEE Std C37.96-2012 Motor Bus Transfer Classification – Methods & Modes
- Automatic and Manual
- Closed Transition Method – Hot Parallel Transfer
- Open Transition Method – Fast, In-Phase, Residual Voltage
- Open Transition Modes – Simultaneous, Sequential

IEEE Std C37.96-2012 Conditions Across Normally Open Startup or Bus Tie Breaker – Before / During Transfer
- Effects of a Fault
- Out-of-Step (OOS) Generator Trip
- System Separation between Incoming Supply Sources
- Supply Source Transformer Winding Phase Shift
- Transient Effects upon Disconnect of Motor Loads
- Motor and Load Characteristic Effects on MBT

Failed Residual Voltage Transfer – Case Study
Transfer Initiate, Inadvertent External Operation, Lockouts
Load Shed During Transfer
ANSI/NEMA Standard C50.41-2012 Resultant per unit V/Hz Limits
Bus Transfer Spin Down Testing, Acceptance Testing, Setting Considerations
Spin Down Analysis & Settings Calculations – Case Study
Sequential vs. Simultaneous Transfer, The Need for Speed – Case Study
IEEE Fast Transfer Sync Check Relay Performance Test Protocol Results
IEEE Residual Voltage Transfer Relay Performance Test Protocol Results
Motor Bus Transfer System Dynamic Performance Test Protocol Results and Observations
A Motor Bus Transfer Torque Ratio Criterion applied to Live Open Transition Transfers Under Normal Operating Load Conditions – Observations and Conclusions
Test Results from Modeling of Transient Currents and Torques on Motors during Residual Voltage Motor Bus Transfer
Conclusions

Who Should Attend

Engineers and Technicians responsible for applying, setting and commissioning motor bus transfer systems in both power plants and industrial facilities. Also, Personnel in Plant Operations responsible for process output and continuance.

Transformer Protection (IEEE C37.91)

4 Hours
(4 PDHs)

Transformers are subject to internal faults, the effects of external faults and abnormal operating conditions impressed by the power system events the transformer has no control over but must cope with. False (nuisance) trips are costly as the transformer and load are disconnected. Inability to trip due to lack of sensitivity, lack of certain protections or deficiencies in protection application may cause severe damage to transformers, negatively impacting power flows, impacting power quality and compromising stability. Achieving the ideal balance of secure and dependable protection involves use of an array of elements that protect the transformer from prolonged internal faults, excessive through faults and when challenged by power system faults and anomalies.

Why transformers fail
- The cost of failures

IEEE C37.91, Guide for Power Transformer Protection
- IEEE Devices used in Transformer Protection
- Transformer Protection Review
- Transformer Protection Functions

Explore Protection Functions
- 87T Phase Differential Characteristic
  - Transformer Protection Review
  - Transformer Protection Functions

Overcurrent based (50, 51, 50N, 51N, 46)
Through fault protection (TFM)
- Current Summing & Through-Fault

Overexcitation (24)
- Generating plant causes
- T&D system causes
- Protection Against Overexcitation – V/Hz versus 5th Harmonic

Phase Differential (87T)
- Unique Issues Applying to Transformer Differential Protection
  - CT performance issues (saturation, remnant flux, tolerance, rating)
  - Percentage differential characteristics with variable percentage slopes
  - Internal ground fault sensitivity
  - Restraints for inrush and overexcitation
    - Overexcitation 87T Blocking Restraint – Failure to detect nascent fault
    - Overexcitation Adaptive 87T Pickup Restraint – Detects nascent faults
- Adaptive restraint for security
- Point-on-Wave Switching Inrush
- Cross Phase Averaging
- Switch-onto-Fault

High Set Phase Differential (87H)
Ground Differential (87GD), Restricted Earth Fault (REF)
Interface and Analysis Software: Desirable Attributes
- NERC “State of Reliability”

Elegant Simplicity – Realization of configuration, settings, logic, monitoring

Who Should Attend

This course will benefit transmission, distribution and power plant protection engineers and technicians, as well as operations personnel and protection generalists who desire a deeper background on the subject.

Transformer Protection Calculations & Settings